Each programme is scored 0–100 on seven dimensions, combined into a weighted composite. Where a dimension has no verified data it is excluded and the remaining weights are re-normalized (see data_completeness).
Weighted composite of seven normalized 0–100 dimensions (cost, mobility, speed, path-to-citizenship, stability, family, tax); see methodology.
Minimum investment converted to USD (indicative FX), log-normalized — lower cost scores higher.
CBI: passport visa-free destination count; RBI: residence travel rights (e.g., Schengen).
Lower-bound official/indicative processing time — faster scores higher.
Path to citizenship — immediate (CBI) scores highest; RBI by years to eligibility.
Programme maturity and status (operational vs emerging; longevity).
Cost premium to include a family of four — lower premium scores higher.
Tax-regime favourability (headline indicator).
Visa-free destination counts are sourced from Wikipedia's country article "Visa requirements for [nationality] citizens" (methodology: visa-free + visa-on-arrival + eTA), cross-checked against the Henley Passport Index. Wikipedia is the primary source and is community-maintained in near real time.
Each programme carries a data_freshness block: verification_confidence (0–100, derived from source tier and how recently each headline field was verified against its source), last_verified date, and count of fields past their freshness SLA. Provenance is tracked per field in an internal ledger and audited weekly; figures are re-verified against official government sources and Wikipedia.
Indicative, for general information only — not legal, financial, tax, or investment advice. Figures and FX are approximate and subject to change; programmes are governed solely by the respective sovereign governments. Verify current terms with Mirabello Consultancy or the relevant authority. © Mirabello Consultancy Ltd.
Dominican Republic Residence by Investment
no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking
Austria Financially-Independent Residence
Economic Diversification Fund contribution
Real estate (USD 400k, 3-yr hold) or USD 500k financial
Approximately 3–6 months from complete application to citizenship (commonly cited 3–4 months for the citizenship decision once the investment and residence-permit steps are filed)
Business/bonds (€100k; 1:5 local-employee) or real estate €300k
Approx. 10-25 working days for the residence-permit decision once documents are complete [VERIFY]
Naturalisation under Law 113/2020 (as amended by Law 77/2023): broadly 7 years of continuous legal residence immediately preceding application (reduced to ~3 years via marriage to an Albanian citizen), plus basic Albanian-language proficiency, financial stability and integration. Dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY exact residence count and language standard]
Investment (real estate / CD / equity), ~US$48.2k
~60 days from application to approval (advisory-source average) [VERIFY]
Eligible to apply for Ecuadorian citizenship by naturalisation after the qualifying residency period. Sources conflict: some cite ~3 years of legal residency total; others describe 2 years temporary + 3 years permanent (~5 years total). Spanish-language and civics/knowledge requirements apply. Ecuador permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY exact statutory period]
Business management (¥30m capital + employee + JLPT N2)
[VERIFY] Approximately 1–3 months for the residence-status examination once a complete application is filed. A Certificate of Eligibility (COE) obtained before entry adds lead time; company incorporation and capital injection precede the visa application.
Naturalisation generally requires ~5 years of continuous residence in Japan (plus integration, livelihood and good-conduct conditions, and in practice Japanese-language ability). Japan does NOT allow dual citizenship for adults — naturalisation generally requires renunciation of prior citizenship.
Current system: 80–90 days. New fast-track (2026): approximately 3 months [VERIFY]
Eligible for Armenian citizenship after 3 years of permanent residence. No single absence abroad exceeding 6 months during qualifying period.
30 business days from complete application submission [VERIFY — this would make it among the fastest CBI globally]
Company (100 SMMLV ~US$49k) or real estate (350 SMMLV)
Approximately 2-6 weeks from a complete online application; visa decisions are issued electronically by the Visa Authority.
Naturalisation by domicile: generally 5 years of continuous domicile counted from the date of issue of the Resident (R) visa (NOT from the M visa). Reduced to 2 years for spouses/permanent partners of Colombian nationals or those with Colombian children; 1 year for Latin American & Caribbean nationals by birth and Spanish nationals. Absence of 1 continuous year or more interrupts the domicile clock. Colombian language/knowledge exam applies. Dual citizenship permitted.
10-year long-stay (fee / real estate / deposit)
ELIGIBILITY TO APPLY for Cambodian (Khmer) citizenship after 5 years of CM2H visa approval. This is NOT automatic and NOT guaranteed — Cambodian naturalisation is discretionary and historically restrictive. CM2H must NOT be presented as a citizenship-by-investment route. [VERIFY realism / approval record]
Real estate (US$150k) or US$300k investment (5-yr)
By ordinary naturalisation only — requires 10 consecutive years of lawful residence in Georgia immediately prior to application, plus passing tests in Georgian language and Georgian history/law. There is NO citizenship-by-investment route, and Georgia generally does NOT allow dual citizenship (renunciation of prior nationality is typically required except in cases recognised as state interest). [Sources: Organic Law on Georgian Citizenship; Georgian nationality law]
Real estate (USD 300k until 15 Oct 2026, then USD 500k)
Approximately 30-90 days. Kraemer & Kraemer: 30-45 business days. Immigrant Invest: ~3 months. NTL Trust: 1-3 months / PR in ~90 days.
Naturalisation possible after approximately 5 years of permanent residence (continuous/effective). Requires a Spanish-language test and a Panamanian civics/history exam, plus evidence of ties. Panama generally requires renouncing prior citizenship in principle, though enforcement is debated — Panama is RBI, NOT CBI; there is no citizenship-by-investment. [VERIFY dual-citizenship practice and exam specifics].
Eligible to apply for Cape Verdean naturalisation after 5 years of legal residence (per the nationality law, with the 'legal residence' requirement added by Law No. 33/X/2023), subject to good character, no serious criminal record, and sufficient resources. The residency requirement may be waived for a substantial investment in the country. Dual nationality is permitted.
FSC-licensed fund investment (5-yr → PR)
Approximately 3–7 months from application to permanent-residence card in hand (Get Golden Visa: 3–6 months; New Balkans Law Office: 5–7 months)
Discretionary naturalisation commonly cited at 5 years of permanent residence, subject to a Bulgarian language exam (sources vary A1/A2), Citizenship Council review and presidential decree. Renunciation of prior citizenship may be required for some applicants. [VERIFY language level and dual-citizenship rules]
Non-refundable US$1m contribution (Bitcoin or Tether)
Company investment (~€65k) or Startup Visa
Decision within 90 days (approx. 8 weeks commonly cited) of a complete application; residence card issued within ~30 days after approval. Startup Visa adds a Startup Committee evaluation step beforehand (typically ~10 working days). [VERIFY current committee turnaround]
Naturalisation under the Citizenship Act after at least 8 years' residence on the basis of a residence permit (of which at least the last 5 years on a permanent/settled basis), plus a B1-or-higher Estonian language exam, an exam on the Constitution and Citizenship Act, and stable lawful income. Estonia does NOT permit multiple nationality for naturalised citizens — renunciation of prior citizenship is required. Discretionary, not automatic. (Source: politsei.ee)
Development Support Program contribution
Real-estate investment (tiered 250k–800k)
3–9 months (improved from 12–18 months in 2023–2024)
Schengen Area — visa-free travel across 27 European countries
7 years of actual residence in Greece (must spend majority of time in Greece, pass language exam, demonstrate integration)
Business equity (from €50k + €10k state fee)
Approximately 2–4 months (advisory sources cite 'from 3 months'); expedited administrative processing reduces the official review window for a higher per-person fee.
Eligible to apply for naturalisation after ~10 years of legal residence, subject to Latvian language, history and constitution exams and (generally) renunciation of prior citizenship — Latvia restricts dual citizenship.
4–6 months (one of the fastest in Europe)
EU member state. Visa-free travel within EU (but Cyprus is NOT in the Schengen Area — separate visa regime). Cypriot permanent residents can travel within the EU but may need separate visa for Schengen-specific travel in some cases.
8 years of legal residence in Cyprus. Must be physically present for the majority of those 8 years. Must pass basic Greek language exam (A2 level). Cypriot passport offers 177 visa-free countries.
Economic & Climate Resilience Contribution
Not yet confirmed — estimated 3–6 months based on comparable programmes [VERIFY]
12–18 months (official). Real-world timeline: 18–40 months due to AIMA backlogs.
5 years of legal residence (CURRENT LAW — under active legislative threat, see notes). Requires A2 Portuguese language test, clean criminal record, ties to community. Portuguese passport = EU citizenship with 187 visa-free countries.
Real estate / business / securities (USD 150k; USD 100k forestry)
Approximately 6–12 months from filing to resolution (some firms cite 4–9 months); varies by case complexity and country of nationality.
Naturalisation possible after approximately 7 years of legal residence (reduced to 5 years for nationals of Spain and Ibero-American/Central American countries); Spanish-language and civics assessment apply. [VERIFY language/test specifics]
7 years of continuous residence for most nationalities
5 years of continuous residence for Commonwealth nationals (UK, Canada, Australia, India, etc.)
Continuous residence, good character, intention to reside in Mauritius, basic language proficiency
Mauritius permits dual citizenship — no requirement to renounce previous nationality
60–90 business days for review; 2–4 weeks for card issuance after approval
No direct path. Saudi naturalization requires 10+ consecutive years of legal residency, fluency in Arabic, proof of good conduct, evidence of integration into Saudi culture, and renunciation of other nationalities. Extremely rare for Premium Residency holders.
Approximately 3-6 months end to end; nulla osta decision by law within 30 days of a complete application (firms report ~25-35 days in practice).
Italian citizenship by naturalisation after ~10 years of legal residence (subject to language B1 and other requirements). [VERIFY: residence-day requirements and any 2025-2026 citizenship-law changes.]
Business investment outside Amman (job-creation)
Approximately 3–6 months for the citizenship route (post-investment). [VERIFY against new-framework timelines]
[VERIFY — not officially published. Industry estimates suggest 3–6 months]
[VERIFY] Maldivian citizenship pathway for investor residents has not been formally established. Maldives has strict citizenship laws — naturalisation is extremely rare and typically requires 12+ years of continuous residence plus other criteria. This programme is primarily a residency/lifestyle play, not a citizenship pathway.
Approximately 3–6 months under the streamlined process (government has stated a target of ~3 months); historically applications could take up to 12–18 months.
Discretionary naturalisation generally possible after ~10 years of permanent/legal residence; NOT investment-based and not guaranteed. The Bahamas does not offer citizenship by investment.
Business capital (Class G investor permit)
Approximately 3-6 months for a complete and accurate application
By naturalisation under the Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act, 2011 — generally available after at least 7 years of ordinary and lawful residence (s.13). Discretionary; subject to good character, language and continuous-residence conditions. [VERIFY] exact statutory conditions.
[VERIFY] — NIS pages state the visa is valid 90 days from issuance but do not state an adjudication timeline
Indirect only. Nigerian citizenship by naturalisation requires (per the Constitution / Ministry of Interior) lawful residence in Nigeria for at least 15 years, good character, adequate means of support, intention to reside, familiarity with Nigerian customs/language, and renunciation of prior citizenship. There is no fast-track investor citizenship. [VERIFY] whether investor-visa years count fully toward the 15-year clock.
Entrepreneur £200k / Investor £750k + Open Market housing
Adviser/market guides: Open Market property identification ~4–12 weeks; conveyancing ~8–16 weeks; Housing Licence & Population Management registration ~2–6 weeks post-completion — total end-to-end to arrival typically ~4–7 months. [VERIFY]
Discretionary British citizenship by naturalisation (British Nationality Act 1981, administered via the Guernsey Border Agency / UK Home Office), typically after ~5 years residence + ~1 year of settled status, subject to good character and a Citizenship/English test. There is no separate 'Guernsey citizenship' — naturalised persons become BRITISH citizens. Dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY]
5 working days for property owners, employees (salary route) and retirees; up to 10 working days for the talent category
No direct investment path to citizenship. Naturalisation in Bahrain is highly restrictive and discretionary, typically requiring 25 years' continuous residence (15 years for nationals of other Arab states) plus Arabic proficiency — rarely granted. [VERIFY: current naturalisation terms]
Investment (bank deposit / bonds / listed equities / employment creation)
3–6 weeks (one of the fastest GCC programmes)
No direct path. Oman does not offer citizenship by investment. Naturalization may be possible after 15+ years of continuous residency, but requires Arabic fluency, proof of income, good conduct, and renunciation of other nationalities. Requirements are extremely rigorous and approvals are rare.
Investment (~NT$15m) + 5 jobs, or NT$30m bonds
Investment approval (MOEA Investment Review Office) typically 2–6 months for complex cases; ARC must be applied for within 30 days of arrival in Taiwan; APRC application thereafter.
Naturalisation possible after meeting residence and other criteria. Taiwan's Nationality Act generally requires RENUNCIATION of the original nationality to naturalise — a significant restriction. Since the 2016 amendment, high-level professionals (science/technology, economy, education, culture, arts, sports) may be exempted from renunciation and retain dual nationality. [VERIFY: residence period required for naturalisation via the investment route — generally 5 years of continuous residence at 183+ days/yr, which conflicts with the APRC 183-day exemption; confirm whether investment-APRC holders meet naturalisation physical-presence rules.]
2–3 months (investor route); 4–8 weeks (professional categories)
No formal path. UAE citizenship is extremely rare and granted at the discretion of the UAE leadership. Some long-term residents have been offered citizenship under the January 2021 amendments to the nationality law, but this is by invitation only and not tied to Golden Visa status.
Long-term residence for investment (~CZK 75m + ~20 jobs)
Czech citizenship by naturalisation generally available after 10 years of residence (long-term + permanent), requiring Czech language at B1, a Czech life/culture/history exam, tax/debt clearance, financial self-sufficiency and integration. Dual citizenship permitted since 2014. [VERIFY] continuous-residence counting (absences ≤2 consecutive months / ≤310 days total).
RDB investor permit (PR via ~$500k property / ~$1m project)
Yes — naturalisation by acquisition on grounds of substantial and sustainable investment (ministry-certified), or via long-term residence (official routes cite 15 years continuous PR, or a 25-year long-residence route). Intermediary '5-year' investor fast-track is [VERIFY] and not confirmed on official pages. Processing ~6 months. Note: Rwanda permits dual nationality.
Refundable retirement deposit (tiered, age/pension)
No direct path. The SRRV is a residence visa and does not itself confer Philippine citizenship; naturalisation is a separate process under Philippine law with its own (substantial) residence and other requirements. [VERIFY]
Residence via company/real estate (no fixed minimum)
Statutory decision deadline 30 days from a complete application; in practice ~30–60 days. Residence card ready ~10 working days after biometrics.
Eligible to apply for Serbian citizenship after holding permanent residence (≈3 further years), i.e. roughly 6 years total from initial temporary residence. Naturalisation also requires meeting integration/other statutory conditions. Serbia permits dual citizenship.
Residence via Investment-Fiji-approved business
21 working days (Department of Immigration standard) once a complete permit application is lodged
No direct citizenship-by-investment. Naturalisation pathway: commonly cited as residence of 5 of the preceding 10 years (Investor Permit time counts toward this), plus knowledge of English, Hindi or Fijian, good character and intention to reside. Dual citizenship permitted since 2009. [VERIFY] against the Citizenship of Fiji Act 2009.
Residence by income/solvency (no fixed minimum); tax-residency via investment thresholds
Naturalisation commonly cited at ~3 years (married applicants) / ~5 years (single applicants) of legal residence, counted from filing date, subject to physical-presence and good-conduct requirements. Uruguay generally permits holding another nationality (note constitutional 'nationality' vs 'citizenship' nuance). [VERIFY current rules]
Business investment + refundable US$5k Central Bank deposit
[VERIFY — not confirmed from official source; secondary sources suggest a multi-month process]
Yes — via naturalisation after a qualifying period of legal residence. Firm sources cite ~3 years; Honduran law generally requires ~1 year for Central American/Ibero-American & Spanish nationals and longer for others. Naturalisation typically requires Spanish-language proficiency and a civics/knowledge test. [VERIFY] exact period vs Ley de Nacionalidad
Company (d.o.o. + ~€50k fixed-asset investment)
Naturalisation generally after 10 years' total residence including 5 continuous years immediately before application, with B1-level Slovenian language, lawful income, and clean record; renunciation of prior citizenship is generally required. [VERIFY]
HNWI tax-status residence (£2m net worth + capped tax)
Decision typically communicated within one to two weeks of a complete application.
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory. Lawful residence can lead to British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) by naturalisation (broadly after ~5 years' residence, subject to UK/Gibraltar nationality and character requirements and absence limits — commonly cited as max ~450 days' absence over 5 years and max ~90 days in the final year). A BOTC connected with Gibraltar has the right to be registered as a full British Citizen (with right of abode in the UK). [VERIFY exact thresholds per applicant with UK Home Office / Gibraltar DIHA].
High-value residency (~£250k/yr tax + £1.75m+ home)
Jersey is a British Crown Dependency, NOT part of the UK, so HVR status itself confers no citizenship. However, lawful time spent in the Channel Islands counts toward UK Indefinite Leave to Remain: ~5 years' continuous lawful residence → ILR (settlement) → a further 12 months → eligibility for British citizenship by naturalisation and a British passport (commonly summarised as ~6 years to a British passport). Subject to UK Immigration Rules, residence/absence and Life-in-the-UK/English requirements; dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY: continuous-residence and absence rules.]
Thailand Privilege membership (Bronze, 5-year)
Business investment (PEN 500k) + 5 local jobs
By naturalisation after qualifying years of continuous legal residence. Historically 2 years; Ley 32421 (published August 2025) raises this (commonly cited as 5 years) [VERIFY in-force status and exact number]. Requires Spanish language/integration and clean record [VERIFY].
Fixed-deposit long-stay pass (Silver tier; SEZ route from ~USD 65k)
Approximately 2-3 months after complete document submission [VERIFY current service standard].
Government bonds / real estate / business
Naturalisation under the Ley de Nacionalidad generally after 5 years' legal residency; reduced to 2 years for nationals of Central American countries, Spain and Ibero-American states. Spanish-language ability, clean record, tax/immigration compliance and genuine integration are assessed.
Real estate (R$700k North/NE; R$1m elsewhere)
Ordinary naturalisation after 4 years' lawful residence (with Portuguese-language competence, civil capacity and clean record). Widely reported reduced to ~3 years for the BRL 1,000,000 real-estate investor; reduced to 1 year for spouses/parents of Brazilians or nationals of Portuguese-speaking (CPLP) countries. Brazil permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY: statutory basis for investment-linked 3-year reduction under Lei 13.445/2017]
Capital Development Fund (US$150k) or real estate (US$750k)
De facto residence in Anguilla provides a pathway to British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) in approximately 5 years and onward British citizenship in approximately 10 years, subject to minimal presence requirements. [Source: selectanguilla.com]. [VERIFY] precise statutory residence/presence conditions.
Economic residence (EC$400k deposit/RE/bonds + net worth)
No citizenship by investment (officially confirmed). A separate, longer route to permanent residence and then British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) exists under the Montserrat Immigration Act for long-term residents; BOTC can lead to British citizenship registration under UK law. Secondary sources cite ~5 years to permanent residence before a citizenship/naturalisation route opens. [VERIFY exact periods and residence conditions]
Naturalisation after 8 years of lawful residence (must hold permanent residence and pass Croatian language proficiency / cultural integration; B1-level Croatian language test). Croatia generally requires renunciation of prior citizenship for naturalised citizens, with exceptions. [VERIFY: dual-citizenship treatment]
No direct citizenship-by-investment. Curaçao is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; after a qualifying period of lawful residence (commonly cited as ~5 years) and meeting Kingdom naturalisation conditions (continuous residence, integration), holders may apply for Dutch nationality, which carries an EU passport. [VERIFY: exact residence years, language/integration test, and any local Curaçao naturalisation specifics — Kingdom-level rules apply]
Company investment / property / economic solvency
Eligible for naturalisation after 5 years of legal residency (temporary + permanent combined). Reduced to 2 years for spouses of Mexican nationals or parents of a Mexican-born child, and for nationals of Latin American countries or the Iberian Peninsula. Requires Spanish-language test and Mexican history/culture/values exam (SRE).
Real estate (US$300k lesser islands / US$1m Providenciales)
Path to British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC) by naturalisation — generally after 5 years' residence with PRC status held for at least 12 months before applying, and not more than 450 days' absence over the qualifying period. Citizenship is governed by the British Nationality Act. BOTC connected with TCI is, in most cases, a stepping stone toward British citizenship. [VERIFY exact conditions and any onward British-citizenship registration entitlement per case.]
Investment → fast-track permanent residence
Eligible to apply for naturalisation after approximately 6 months of residence for the investor category (Decree 950-01), versus the standard 2 years for ordinary residents. Full investment-to-passport journey commonly cited at 12-18 months. [VERIFY — Spanish-language proficiency and interview required for applicants over 18; some sources cite a sponsor/guarantee letter]
Government contribution + property + donation (total qualifying)
Company investment (real estate excluded)
Naturalisation possible, generally after 5 years of lawful, mostly continuous residence, and subject to passing the Luxembourgish-language (spoken) test and the 'Living together in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg' civics course. Luxembourg permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY: current residence duration and language-level requirements]
Real-estate investment immigration (F-2 → F-5)
Possible via general naturalisation after the statutory residence period (typically 5 years' continuous residence for general naturalisation), subject to language/integration tests and renunciation rules. South Korea generally restricts dual citizenship for naturalised adults. [VERIFY: current naturalisation residence requirement and dual-citizenship exceptions.]
Citizenship by grant is a separate later application: must hold residence/permanent residence and have been present in New Zealand at least 1,350 days over the 5 years before applying, including at least 240 days in each of those 5 years, be of good character, and intend to continue living in NZ. Note this 5-year/1,350-day physical-presence test is far stricter than the AIP visa's own minimal presence condition.
Capital investment (DT tiers; card up to 10 yrs)
Very limited / not a direct route. Vietnamese citizenship by naturalisation generally requires long lawful residence (commonly cited ~5 years), Vietnamese-language ability, lawful income, and typically renunciation of prior citizenship (Vietnam restricts dual nationality). There is NO investment-based fast-track to citizenship. [VERIFY naturalisation residence threshold against Law on Vietnamese Nationality 2008 as amended.]
[VERIFY] No fixed statutory SLA published; Golden Visa marketed as streamlined/priority immigration handling. Advisory estimates commonly cite a few weeks once documents and funds are in place.
No direct path. Indonesia generally prohibits dual citizenship for adults; naturalisation is possible only under general nationality law after long lawful residence and renunciation of prior citizenship. [VERIFY]
Real-estate residence (tax-assessed value)
Long path. Montenegro's standard naturalisation requires ~10 years of continuous legal residence (commonly framed as 5 years temporary + 5 years permanent) [VERIFY exact statutory period and continuity/stay rules]. Montenegro generally does NOT recognise dual citizenship, so renunciation may be required.
EB-5 Targeted Employment Area investment
6–12 months (I-526E) — priority processing
8–10+ years total wait (unreserved visa backlog)
5–6+ years total wait (unreserved visa backlog)
5 years after obtaining permanent residence (conditional PR counts toward the 5 years)
Physical presence in US for ≥30 months out of 5 years, continuous residence, good moral character, English language proficiency, US civics knowledge (100-question test), no disqualifying criminal history
The US permits dual citizenship. No requirement to renounce previous nationality.
Quota residence by passive income (no fixed investment)
General naturalisation after 10 years' continuous lawful residence (min. 5 years on a settlement title); 6 years possible with sustained, demonstrable integration and B2 German [VERIFY]. Dual citizenship generally NOT permitted — prior nationality must usually be renounced. Separate discretionary §10(6) 'exceptional contribution' grants (special interest of the Republic) have no published threshold, may waive the residence/renunciation requirements, and are not a programme.
Residence by lump-sum (expenditure-based) taxation
Typically a few months end-to-end; varies by canton.
Ordinary naturalisation typically after ~10 years' residence (with cantonal/communal residence and integration requirements). [VERIFY — note Switzerland does not offer citizenship by investment].
Residence by means (bank deposit ~€500k–1m; not a fixed investment)
Naturalisation possible only after at least 10 years of continuous residence, granted personally and discretionarily by the Sovereign Prince (no legal right even when criteria are met; no reasons given, no appeal; very rare — reportedly fewer than ~20 grants per year). Monaco does NOT permit dual citizenship — naturalised citizens must renounce prior nationality, so most HNW residents remain on the Carte Privilégié rather than naturalise. [VERIFY]
Pre-approved real estate (Property Visa, 5-year)
Real-estate / single-development investment
Not a direct route. Namibian citizenship by naturalisation generally requires long-term ordinary residence; dual citizenship is restricted under Namibian law. [VERIFY]
Direct business investment (after prior residence)
Long and discretionary via naturalisation — approximately 11 years of legal residence plus working command of English, French or Seychellois Creole [VERIFY against Seychelles Citizenship Act]. No direct citizenship-by-investment route exists.
Economic investment (BM$2.5m) → 5-yr residential certificate
Not publicly published; process described as 'confidential'. [VERIFY] typical duration with BDA / Department of Immigration.
No. The EIRC grants Bermuda residency only — NOT Bermudian status and not a direct path to British citizenship through this programme. [VERIFY] any long-term naturalisation/British Overseas Territories status routes that exist independently of this certificate.
Approximately 12 months for a GIP application to be processed, subject to complete document submission and due-diligence checks.
Singapore PR can lead to citizenship by naturalisation under ICA rules. [VERIFY: citizenship eligibility (typically a period as PR plus ICA discretionary assessment; Singapore does not permit dual citizenship for adults, so naturalisation requires renunciation of prior citizenship) is governed by ICA and is separate from the GIP factsheet — confirm current ICA policy before advising clients.]
No single official end-to-end figure is published; practitioners typically estimate several months from Net Asset Assessment approval to investment completion and grant of stay — [VERIFY]
No direct path to citizenship via the scheme. Naturalisation as a Chinese national is governed separately by the Nationality Law of the PRC and is discretionary; most entrants pursue the right of abode (PR) rather than nationality.
No direct investment route to citizenship. Qatari naturalisation is highly restrictive (governed separately by Law No. 38 of 2005) and not investment-linked. [VERIFY]
Housing Fund (€400k) or €1m Andorran assets
Generally around six months is allowed to complete the required investment after the application/authorisation stage; overall processing varies. [VERIFY current Departament d'Immigració service standards]
Long. Andorran naturalisation generally requires approximately 20 years of continuous lawful residence (reduced in limited family/birth-related cases) AND renunciation of prior nationality — Andorra does NOT permit dual citizenship. Passive residence is therefore a residence/tax solution, not a citizenship route. [VERIFY current Nationality Act terms and whether passive-residence years fully count]
Productive investment (InvestChile-sponsored)
[VERIFY] Official pages do not publish a fixed SERMIG decision time; investor/InvestChile-sponsored files are prioritised but timelines vary.
Yes (ordinary naturalisation, NOT by investment): Carta de Nacionalizacion available to foreigners aged 18+ with more than 5 years' residence in Chile who hold permanent residence (Residencia Definitiva). [VERIFY current civics/Spanish requirements]
Real estate (25-yr ~US$1.2m; permanent ~US$2.4m)
R41: NONE. R42: the only Cayman route to status — holders may become eligible to naturalise as a British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC), then apply for Caymanian status. Grandfathered applicants: BOTC after 5 years' legal residence + 1 year holding the certificate. New applicants (post-reform): reported eligibility ~11 years after grant for BOTC and ~20 years' residence for Caymanian status. [VERIFY exact current timelines with WORC/immigration counsel]. BOTC can be a stepping stone toward registration as a British citizen.
Value-linked investor residency (5–15 yr)
[VERIFY: no official processing timeframe published for the long-term investor permit as of 2026-06-04; KDIPA direct-investment licensing historically targets a c. 30-day decision window — verify against current KDIPA service standards.]
None. Kuwaiti citizenship is exceptionally restrictive and is NOT available via this residency or any investment route.