Mirabello Investment Migration Index
type: Dataset
description: Each programme is scored 0–100 on seven dimensions, combined into a weighted composite. Where a dimension has no verified data it is excluded and the remaining weights are re-normalized (see data_completeness).
creator: Mirabello Consultancy
publisher: Mirabello Consultancy
license: https://www.mirabelloconsultancy.com/ai
is accessible for free: true
creative work status: Published
date modified: 2026-06-04T17:30:24.199Z
version: 1.0
keywords: citizenship by investment
keywords: golden visa
keywords: CBI
keywords: RBI
keywords: investment migration
keywords: second passport
keywords: residency by investment
keywords: passport index
measurement technique: Weighted composite of seven normalized 0–100 dimensions (cost, mobility, speed, path-to-citizenship, stability, family, tax); see methodology.
variable measured: cost
variable measured: mobility
variable measured: speed
variable measured: path
variable measured: stability
variable measured: family
variable measured: tax
distribution: DataDownload
  encoding format: application/json
methodology:
  summary: Each programme is scored 0–100 on seven dimensions, combined into a weighted composite. Where a dimension has no verified data it is excluded and the remaining weights are re-normalized (see data_completeness).
  dimensions:
    cost: Minimum investment converted to USD (indicative FX), log-normalized — lower cost scores higher.
    mobility: CBI: passport visa-free destination count; RBI: residence travel rights (e.g., Schengen).
    speed: Lower-bound official/indicative processing time — faster scores higher.
    path: Path to citizenship — immediate (CBI) scores highest; RBI by years to eligibility.
    stability: Programme maturity and status (operational vs emerging; longevity).
    family: Cost premium to include a family of four — lower premium scores higher.
    tax: Tax-regime favourability (headline indicator).
  weights:
    cost: 0.22
    mobility: 0.22
    speed: 0.16
    path: 0.15
    stability: 0.13
    family: 0.07
    tax: 0.05
  fx rates indicative:
    USD: 1
    EUR: 1.08
    AED: 0.272
    SAR: 0.267
    GBP: 1.27
    CHF: 1.1
    NZD: 0.6
    AUD: 0.65
    BRL: 0.18
    MXN: 0.054
    COP: 0.00025
    DOP: 0.017
    QAR: 0.274
    BHD: 2.65
    KWD: 3.25
    GEL: 0.37
    IDR: 6.15e-05
    MYR: 0.21
    SGD: 0.74
    HKD: 0.128
    THB: 0.029
    KRW: 0.00073
    TWD: 0.031
    CVE: 0.0098
    ANG: 0.56
    CZK: 0.043
  sources:
    mobility: Visa-free destination counts are sourced from Wikipedia's country article "Visa requirements for [nationality] citizens" (methodology: visa-free + visa-on-arrival + eTA), cross-checked against the Henley Passport Index. Wikipedia is the primary source and is community-maintained in near real time.
  data freshness: Each programme carries a data_freshness block: verification_confidence (0–100, derived from source tier and how recently each headline field was verified against its source), last_verified date, and count of fields past their freshness SLA. Provenance is tracked per field in an internal ledger and audited weekly; figures are re-verified against official government sources and Wikipedia.
  disclaimer: Indicative, for general information only — not legal, financial, tax, or investment advice. Figures and FX are approximate and subject to change; programmes are governed solely by the respective sovereign governments. Verify current terms with Mirabello Consultancy or the relevant authority. © Mirabello Consultancy Ltd.
rankings:
  overall: St. Kitts and Nevis
    rank: 1
    id: st-kitts-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 84.6
  overall: Antigua and Barbuda
    rank: 2
    id: antigua-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 83.2
  overall: Dominica
    rank: 3
    id: dominica-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 81.8
  overall: Turkey
    rank: 4
    id: turkey-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 80.4
  overall: Saint Lucia
    rank: 5
    id: st-lucia-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 80
  overall: Albania Residence by Investment
    rank: 6
    id: albania-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 79.8
  overall: Ecuador Investor Residence
    rank: 7
    id: ecuador-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 79.6
  overall: Japan Business Manager Visa
    rank: 8
    id: japan-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 78.1
  overall: Armenia Residency
    rank: 9
    id: armenia-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 77.6
  overall: Grenada
    rank: 10
    id: grenada-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 77.4
  overall: Argentina Citizenship by Investment
    rank: 11
    id: argentina-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 77
  overall: Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
    rank: 12
    id: colombia-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 76.8
  overall: Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
    rank: 13
    id: cambodia-cm2h
    type: RBI
    composite: 75.6
  overall: Georgia Residence by Investment
    rank: 14
    id: georgia-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 73.2
  overall: Panama Qualified Investor Residency
    rank: 15
    id: panama-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 72.8
  overall: Cape Verde Residence by Investment
    rank: 16
    id: cape-verde-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 72.1
  overall: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
    rank: 17
    id: svg-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 71.2
  overall: Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
    rank: 18
    id: bulgaria-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 70.3
  overall: El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
    rank: 19
    id: el-salvador-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 69.2
  overall: Estonia Business Residence
    rank: 20
    id: estonia-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 69
  overall: Vanuatu
    rank: 21
    id: vanuatu-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 68.7
  overall: Greece Golden Visa
    rank: 22
    id: greece-gv
    type: RBI
    composite: 68.6
  overall: Latvia Golden Visa
    rank: 23
    id: latvia-rbi
    type: RBI
    composite: 68.1
  overall: Cyprus Permanent Residency
    rank: 24
    id: cyprus-pr
    type: RBI
    composite: 68
  overall: Nauru
    rank: 25
    id: nauru-cbi
    type: CBI
    composite: 67.7
  overall: Botswana Impact Investment Program
  overall: Portugal Golden Visa
  overall: São Tomé and Príncipe
  overall: Costa Rica Investor Residency
  overall: Mauritius Residency
  overall: Sierra Leone
  overall: Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
  overall: Italy Investor Visa
  overall: Jordan
  overall: Maldives Pearl Residence
  overall: Egypt
  overall: Bahamas Residency by Investment
  overall: Kenya Class G Investor Permit
  overall: Nigeria Investor Visa
  overall: Guernsey Investor Residence
  overall: Bahrain Golden Residency
  overall: Oman Golden Visa
  overall: Taiwan Investment Residence
  overall: UAE Golden Visa
  overall: Czechia Residence for Investment
  overall: Rwanda Residence by Investment
  cbi: St. Kitts and Nevis
  cbi: Antigua and Barbuda
  cbi: Dominica
  cbi: Turkey
  cbi: Saint Lucia
  cbi: Grenada
  cbi: Argentina Citizenship by Investment
  cbi: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  cbi: El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
  cbi: Vanuatu
  cbi: Nauru
  cbi: Botswana Impact Investment Program
  cbi: São Tomé and Príncipe
  cbi: Sierra Leone
  cbi: Jordan
  cbi: Egypt
  rbi: Albania Residence by Investment
  rbi: Ecuador Investor Residence
  rbi: Japan Business Manager Visa
  rbi: Armenia Residency
  rbi: Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
  rbi: Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
  rbi: Georgia Residence by Investment
  rbi: Panama Qualified Investor Residency
  rbi: Cape Verde Residence by Investment
  rbi: Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
  rbi: Estonia Business Residence
  rbi: Greece Golden Visa
  rbi: Latvia Golden Visa
  rbi: Cyprus Permanent Residency
  rbi: Portugal Golden Visa
  rbi: Costa Rica Investor Residency
  rbi: Mauritius Residency
  rbi: Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
programmes: St. Kitts and Nevis
programmes: Antigua and Barbuda
programmes: Dominica
programmes: Turkey
programmes: Saint Lucia
programmes: Albania Residence by Investment
programmes: Ecuador Investor Residence
programmes: Japan Business Manager Visa
programmes: Armenia Residency
programmes: Grenada
programmes: Argentina Citizenship by Investment
programmes: Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
programmes: Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
programmes: Georgia Residence by Investment
programmes: Panama Qualified Investor Residency
programmes: Cape Verde Residence by Investment
programmes: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
programmes: Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
programmes: El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
programmes: Estonia Business Residence
programmes: Vanuatu
programmes: Greece Golden Visa
programmes: Latvia Golden Visa
programmes: Cyprus Permanent Residency
programmes: Nauru
programmes: Botswana Impact Investment Program
programmes: Portugal Golden Visa
programmes: São Tomé and Príncipe
programmes: Costa Rica Investor Residency
programmes: Mauritius Residency
programmes: Sierra Leone
programmes: Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
programmes: Italy Investor Visa
programmes: Jordan
programmes: Maldives Pearl Residence
programmes: Egypt
programmes: Bahamas Residency by Investment
programmes: Kenya Class G Investor Permit
programmes: Nigeria Investor Visa
programmes: Guernsey Investor Residence
programmes: Bahrain Golden Residency
programmes: Oman Golden Visa
programmes: Taiwan Investment Residence
programmes: UAE Golden Visa
programmes: Czechia Residence for Investment
programmes: Rwanda Residence by Investment
programmes: Philippines SRRV
programmes: Serbia Residence
programmes: Fiji Investor Residence
programmes: Uruguay Residence
programmes: Honduras Investor Residence
programmes: Slovenia Business Residence

Botswana Impact Investment Program
rank: 26
id: botswana-cbi
type: CBI
composite: 67.4

Portugal Golden Visa
rank: 27
id: portugal-gv
type: RBI
composite: 66.8

São Tomé and Príncipe
rank: 28
id: sao-tome-cbi
type: CBI
composite: 66.7

Costa Rica Investor Residency
rank: 29
id: costa-rica-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 66.7

Mauritius Residency
rank: 30
id: mauritius-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 66.3

Sierra Leone
rank: 31
id: sierra-leone-cbi
type: CBI
composite: 64.2

Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
rank: 32
id: saudi-premium
type: RBI
composite: 64.1

Italy Investor Visa
rank: 33
id: italy-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 64

Jordan
rank: 34
id: jordan-cbi
type: CBI
composite: 62.6

Maldives Pearl Residence
rank: 35
id: maldives-pearl
type: RBI
composite: 60.6

Egypt
rank: 36
id: egypt-cbi
type: CBI
composite: 59.2

Bahamas Residency by Investment
rank: 37
id: bahamas-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 58.1

Kenya Class G Investor Permit
rank: 38
id: kenya-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 55.4

Nigeria Investor Visa
rank: 39
id: nigeria-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 54.5

Guernsey Investor Residence
rank: 40
id: guernsey-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 54.4

Bahrain Golden Residency
rank: 41
id: bahrain-gv
type: RBI
composite: 53.4

Oman Golden Visa
rank: 42
id: oman-gv
type: RBI
composite: 53

Taiwan Investment Residence
rank: 43
id: taiwan-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 52.4

UAE Golden Visa
rank: 44
id: uae-gv
type: RBI
composite: 52

Czechia Residence for Investment
rank: 45
id: czechia-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 43.6

Rwanda Residence by Investment
rank: 46
id: rwanda-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 42.3

St. Kitts and Nevis
rank: 1
id: st-kitts-cbi
composite: 84.6

Antigua and Barbuda
rank: 2
id: antigua-cbi
composite: 83.2

Dominica
rank: 3
id: dominica-cbi
composite: 81.8

Turkey
rank: 4
id: turkey-cbi
composite: 80.4

Saint Lucia
rank: 5
id: st-lucia-cbi
composite: 80

Grenada
rank: 6
id: grenada-cbi
composite: 77.4

Argentina Citizenship by Investment
rank: 7
id: argentina-cbi
composite: 77

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
rank: 8
id: svg-cbi
composite: 71.2

El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
rank: 9
id: el-salvador-cbi
composite: 69.2

Vanuatu
rank: 10
id: vanuatu-cbi
composite: 68.7

Nauru
rank: 11
id: nauru-cbi
composite: 67.7

Botswana Impact Investment Program
rank: 12
id: botswana-cbi
composite: 67.4

São Tomé and Príncipe
rank: 13
id: sao-tome-cbi
composite: 66.7

Sierra Leone
rank: 14
id: sierra-leone-cbi
composite: 64.2

Jordan
rank: 15
id: jordan-cbi
composite: 62.6

Egypt
rank: 16
id: egypt-cbi
composite: 59.2

Albania Residence by Investment
rank: 1
id: albania-rbi
composite: 79.8

Ecuador Investor Residence
rank: 2
id: ecuador-rbi
composite: 79.6

Japan Business Manager Visa
rank: 3
id: japan-rbi
composite: 78.1

Armenia Residency
rank: 4
id: armenia-rbi
composite: 77.6

Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
rank: 5
id: colombia-rbi
composite: 76.8

Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
rank: 6
id: cambodia-cm2h
composite: 75.6

Georgia Residence by Investment
rank: 7
id: georgia-rbi
composite: 73.2

Panama Qualified Investor Residency
rank: 8
id: panama-rbi
composite: 72.8

Cape Verde Residence by Investment
rank: 9
id: cape-verde-rbi
composite: 72.1

Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
rank: 10
id: bulgaria-rbi
composite: 70.3

Estonia Business Residence
rank: 11
id: estonia-rbi
composite: 69

Greece Golden Visa
rank: 12
id: greece-gv
composite: 68.6

Latvia Golden Visa
rank: 13
id: latvia-rbi
composite: 68.1

Cyprus Permanent Residency
rank: 14
id: cyprus-pr
composite: 68

Portugal Golden Visa
rank: 15
id: portugal-gv
composite: 66.8

Costa Rica Investor Residency
rank: 16
id: costa-rica-rbi
composite: 66.7

Mauritius Residency
rank: 17
id: mauritius-rbi
composite: 66.3

Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
rank: 18
id: saudi-premium
composite: 64.1

Italy Investor Visa
rank: 19
id: italy-rbi
composite: 64

Maldives Pearl Residence
rank: 20
id: maldives-pearl
composite: 60.6

Bahamas Residency by Investment
rank: 21
id: bahamas-rbi
composite: 58.1

Kenya Class G Investor Permit
rank: 22
id: kenya-rbi
composite: 55.4

Nigeria Investor Visa
rank: 23
id: nigeria-rbi
composite: 54.5

Guernsey Investor Residence
rank: 24
id: guernsey-rbi
composite: 54.4

Bahrain Golden Residency
rank: 25
id: bahrain-gv
composite: 53.4

Oman Golden Visa
rank: 26
id: oman-gv
composite: 53

Taiwan Investment Residence
rank: 27
id: taiwan-rbi
composite: 52.4

UAE Golden Visa
rank: 28
id: uae-gv
composite: 52

Czechia Residence for Investment
rank: 29
id: czechia-rbi
composite: 43.6

Rwanda Residence by Investment
rank: 30
id: rwanda-rbi
composite: 42.3

Philippines SRRV
id: philippines-srrv
type: RBI
composite: 87
data completeness: 0.29

Honduras Investor Residence
id: honduras-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 76.4
data completeness: 0.43

Slovenia Business Residence
id: slovenia-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 75.9
data completeness: 0.43

Thailand Privilege Residence
id: thailand-privilege
type: RBI
composite: 72.5
data completeness: 0.29

Peru Investor Residence
id: peru-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 72.4
data completeness: 0.43

Malaysia MM2H
id: malaysia-mm2h
type: RBI
composite: 71.3
data completeness: 0.43

Guatemala Investor Residence
id: guatemala-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 71.1
data completeness: 0.43

Brazil Residence by Investment
id: brazil-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 70.5
data completeness: 0.43

Anguilla Residence by Investment
id: anguilla-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 67.2
data completeness: 0.43

Montserrat Economic Residence
id: montserrat-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 67.2
data completeness: 0.43

Croatia Business Residence
id: croatia-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 66.6
data completeness: 0.43

Curaçao Investor Residence
id: curacao-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 64.5
data completeness: 0.43

Mexico Residence by Investment
id: mexico-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 64.1
data completeness: 0.43

Turks & Caicos Permanent Residence
id: turks-caicos-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 64.1
data completeness: 0.43

Dominican Republic Residence by Investment
id: dominican-republic-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 63.5
data completeness: 0.43

Malta Permanent Residence (MPRP)
id: malta-mprp
type: RBI
composite: 61.9
data completeness: 0.29

Luxembourg Investor Residence
id: luxembourg-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 61.9
data completeness: 0.43

South Korea Investment Immigration
id: south-korea-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 60.6
data completeness: 0.43

New Zealand Active Investor Plus
id: new-zealand-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 59.7
data completeness: 0.43

Vietnam Investor Visa
id: vietnam-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 56.6
data completeness: 0.43

Indonesia Golden Visa
id: indonesia-gv
type: RBI
composite: 54.9
data completeness: 0.29

Montenegro Residence by Investment
id: montenegro-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 54.7
data completeness: 0.43

USA EB-5 Investor Visa
id: usa-eb5
type: RBI
composite: 54.3
data completeness: 0.43

Paraguay Investor Pass
id: paraguay-investor
type: RBI
composite: 48.8
data completeness: 0.29

Ethiopia Golden Visa
id: ethiopia-gv
type: RBI
composite: 48.8
data completeness: 0.29

Namibia Residence by Investment
id: namibia-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 45.9
data completeness: 0.29

Seychelles Permanent Residence
id: seychelles-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 44.9
data completeness: 0.43

Bermuda Economic Investment Certificate
id: bermuda-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 43.6
data completeness: 0.29

Singapore Global Investor Programme
id: singapore-gip
type: RBI
composite: 43.1
data completeness: 0.43

Hong Kong CIES
id: hong-kong-cies
type: RBI
composite: 41.1
data completeness: 0.29

Qatar Residence by Investment
id: qatar-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 40.7
data completeness: 0.43

Andorra Passive Residence
id: andorra-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 37.6
data completeness: 0.43

Chile Investor Residence
id: chile-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 37.1
data completeness: 0.43

Cayman Islands Residence by Investment
id: cayman-rbi
type: RBI
composite: 33.2
data completeness: 0.43

Switzerland (Lump-Sum Taxation)
id: switzerland-lumpsum
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Uruguay Residence
id: uruguay-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Monaco Residence
id: monaco-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Austria Financially-Independent Residence
id: austria-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Serbia Residence
id: serbia-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Gibraltar Category 2 Residence
id: gibraltar-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Jersey High-Value Residency
id: jersey-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Fiji Investor Residence
id: fiji-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

Kuwait Investor Residency
id: kuwait-rbi
type: RBI
note: no fixed investment threshold (tax-residence / negotiated regime) — captured for reference, excluded from the cost ranking

St. Kitts and Nevis
id: st-kitts-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: St. Kitts and Nevis
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: USD
    route: Sustainable Island State Contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 250000
  processing time: 4-6
  visa free count: 157
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 52
  speed: 88
  mobility: 98
  path: 100
  stability: 95
composite: 84.6
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 1
rank in type: 1

Antigua and Barbuda
id: antigua-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Antigua and Barbuda
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 230000
    currency: USD
    route: National Development Fund donation
  min investment usd indicative: 230000
  processing time: 4-7
  visa free count: 154
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 53
  speed: 88
  mobility: 96
  path: 100
  family: 100
  stability: 78
composite: 83.2
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 2
rank in type: 2

Dominica
id: dominica-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Dominica
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 200000
    currency: USD
    route: Economic Diversification Fund contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 200000
  processing time: 4-6
  visa free count: 145
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 54
  speed: 88
  mobility: 91
  path: 100
  family: 63
  stability: 95
composite: 81.8
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 3
rank in type: 3

Turkey
id: turkey-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Turkey
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 400000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate (USD 400k, 3-yr hold) or USD 500k financial
  min investment usd indicative: 400000
  processing time: Approximately 3–6 months from complete application to citizenship (commonly cited 3–4 months for the citizenship decision once the investment and residence-permit steps are filed)
  visa free count: 110126
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 48
  speed: 92
  mobility: 100
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 80.4
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 4
rank in type: 4

Saint Lucia
id: st-lucia-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Saint Lucia
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 240000
    currency: USD
    route: National Economic Fund contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 240000
  processing time: 4-5
  visa free count: 144
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 53
  speed: 88
  mobility: 90
  path: 100
  stability: 76
composite: 80
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 5
rank in type: 5

Albania Residence by Investment
id: albania-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Albania Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 100000
    currency: EUR
    route: Business/bonds (€100k; 1:5 local-employee) or real estate €300k
  min investment usd indicative: 108000
  processing time: Approx. 10-25 working days for the residence-permit decision once documents are complete [VERIFY]
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation under Law 113/2020 (as amended by Law 77/2023): broadly 7 years of continuous legal residence immediately preceding application (reduced to ~3 years via marriage to an Albanian citizen), plus basic Albanian-language proficiency, financial stability and integration. Dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY exact residence count and language standard]
scores:
  cost: 60
  speed: 100
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 79.8
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 6
rank in type: 1

Ecuador Investor Residence
id: ecuador-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Ecuador Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 48200
    currency: USD
    route: Investment (real estate / CD / equity), ~US$48.2k
  min investment usd indicative: 48200
  processing time: ~60 days from application to approval (advisory-source average) [VERIFY]
  path to citizenship: Eligible to apply for Ecuadorian citizenship by naturalisation after the qualifying residency period. Sources conflict: some cite ~3 years of legal residency total; others describe 2 years temporary + 3 years permanent (~5 years total). Spanish-language and civics/knowledge requirements apply. Ecuador permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY exact statutory period]
scores:
  cost: 68
  speed: 96
  path: 100
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 79.6
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 7
rank in type: 2

Japan Business Manager Visa
id: japan-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Japan Business Manager Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 200000
    currency: USD
    route: Business management (¥30m capital + employee + JLPT N2)
  min investment usd indicative: 200000
  processing time: [VERIFY] Approximately 1–3 months for the residence-status examination once a complete application is filed. A Certificate of Eligibility (COE) obtained before entry adds lead time; company incorporation and capital injection precede the visa application.
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation generally requires ~5 years of continuous residence in Japan (plus integration, livelihood and good-conduct conditions, and in practice Japanese-language ability). Japan does NOT allow dual citizenship for adults — naturalisation generally requires renunciation of prior citizenship.
scores:
  cost: 54
  speed: 100
  path: 84
  stability: 85
composite: 78.1
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 8
rank in type: 3

Armenia Residency
id: armenia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Armenia Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Business investment
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
  processing time: Current system: 80–90 days. New fast-track (2026): approximately 3 months [VERIFY]
  path to citizenship: Eligible for Armenian citizenship after 3 years of permanent residence. No single absence abroad exceeding 6 months during qualifying period.
scores:
  cost: 57
  speed: 93
  path: 100
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 77.6
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 9
rank in type: 4

Grenada
id: grenada-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Grenada
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 235000
    currency: USD
    route: National Transformation Fund donation
  min investment usd indicative: 235000
  processing time: 6
  visa free count: 147
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 53
  speed: 80
  mobility: 92
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 77.4
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 88
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 10
rank in type: 6

Argentina Citizenship by Investment
id: argentina-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: Argentina Citizenship by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 500000
    currency: USD
    route: Strategic Productive Investment
  min investment usd indicative: 500000
  processing time: 30 business days from complete application submission [VERIFY — this would make it among the fastest CBI globally]
  visa free count: 168
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 46
  speed: 100
  mobility: 100
  path: 100
  stability: 36
composite: 77
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 51
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 11
rank in type: 7

Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
id: colombia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Colombia Migrant Investor Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 48920
    currency: USD
    route: Company (100 SMMLV ~US$49k) or real estate (350 SMMLV)
  min investment usd indicative: 48920
  processing time: Approximately 2-6 weeks from a complete online application; visa decisions are issued electronically by the Visa Authority.
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation by domicile: generally 5 years of continuous domicile counted from the date of issue of the Resident (R) visa (NOT from the M visa). Reduced to 2 years for spouses/permanent partners of Colombian nationals or those with Colombian children; 1 year for Latin American & Caribbean nationals by birth and Spanish nationals. Absence of 1 continuous year or more interrupts the domicile clock. Colombian language/knowledge exam applies. Dual citizenship permitted.
scores:
  cost: 67
  speed: 100
  path: 84
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 76.8
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 12
rank in type: 5

Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
id: cambodia-cm2h
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H)
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 50000
    currency: USD
    route: 10-year long-stay (fee / real estate / deposit)
  min investment usd indicative: 50000
  processing time: 4–6 months
  path to citizenship: ELIGIBILITY TO APPLY for Cambodian (Khmer) citizenship after 5 years of CM2H visa approval. This is NOT automatic and NOT guaranteed — Cambodian naturalisation is discretionary and historically restrictive. CM2H must NOT be presented as a citizenship-by-investment route. [VERIFY realism / approval record]
scores:
  cost: 67
  speed: 88
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 75.6
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 13
rank in type: 6

Georgia Residence by Investment
id: georgia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Georgia Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate (US$150k) or US$300k investment (5-yr)
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
  path to citizenship: By ordinary naturalisation only — requires 10 consecutive years of lawful residence in Georgia immediately prior to application, plus passing tests in Georgian language and Georgian history/law. There is NO citizenship-by-investment route, and Georgia generally does NOT allow dual citizenship (renunciation of prior nationality is typically required except in cases recognised as state interest). [Sources: Organic Law on Georgian Citizenship; Georgian nationality law]
scores:
  cost: 57
  path: 100
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 73.2
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 14
rank in type: 7

Panama Qualified Investor Residency
id: panama-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Panama Qualified Investor Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 300000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate (USD 300k until 15 Oct 2026, then USD 500k)
  min investment usd indicative: 300000
  processing time: Approximately 30-90 days. Kraemer & Kraemer: 30-45 business days. Immigrant Invest: ~3 months. NTL Trust: 1-3 months / PR in ~90 days.
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation possible after approximately 5 years of permanent residence (continuous/effective). Requires a Spanish-language test and a Panamanian civics/history exam, plus evidence of ties. Panama generally requires renouncing prior citizenship in principle, though enforcement is debated — Panama is RBI, NOT CBI; there is no citizenship-by-investment. [VERIFY dual-citizenship practice and exam specifics].
scores:
  cost: 50
  speed: 100
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 72.8
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 15
rank in type: 8

Cape Verde Residence by Investment
id: cape-verde-rbi
type: RBI
status: emerging
country: Cape Verde Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 80000
    currency: EUR
    route: Real-estate residence (Green Card)
  min investment usd indicative: 86400
  visa free count: 5060
  path to citizenship: Eligible to apply for Cape Verdean naturalisation after 5 years of legal residence (per the nationality law, with the 'legal residence' requirement added by Law No. 33/X/2023), subject to good character, no serious criminal record, and sufficient resources. The residency requirement may be waived for a substantial investment in the country. Dual nationality is permitted.
scores:
  cost: 62
  mobility: 100
  path: 84
  tax: 55
  stability: 35
composite: 72.1
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 16
rank in type: 9

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
id: svg-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 500000
    currency: USD
    route: Active Productive Investment via SVGIF
  min investment usd indicative: 500000
  processing time: Not yet announced [VERIFY]
  visa free count: 156
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 46
  mobility: 98
  path: 100
  stability: 35
composite: 71.2
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 40
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 1
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 17
rank in type: 8

Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
id: bulgaria-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Bulgaria Investor Permanent Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 512000
    currency: EUR
    route: FSC-licensed fund investment (5-yr → PR)
  min investment usd indicative: 552960
  processing time: Approximately 3–7 months from application to permanent-residence card in hand (Get Golden Visa: 3–6 months; New Balkans Law Office: 5–7 months)
  path to citizenship: Discretionary naturalisation commonly cited at 5 years of permanent residence, subject to a Bulgarian language exam (sources vary A1/A2), Citizenship Council review and presidential decree. Renunciation of prior citizenship may be required for some applicants. [VERIFY language level and dual-citizenship rules]
scores:
  cost: 45
  speed: 92
  path: 84
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 70.3
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 18
rank in type: 10

El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
id: el-salvador-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: El Salvador (Freedom Visa)
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 1000000
    currency: USD
    route: Non-refundable US$1m contribution (Bitcoin or Tether)
  min investment usd indicative: 1000000
  visa free count: 130
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 39
  mobility: 81
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 69.2
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 19
rank in type: 9

Estonia Business Residence
id: estonia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Estonia Business Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 65000
    currency: EUR
    route: Company investment (~€65k) or Startup Visa
  min investment usd indicative: 70200
  processing time: Decision within 90 days (approx. 8 weeks commonly cited) of a complete application; residence card issued within ~30 days after approval. Startup Visa adds a Startup Committee evaluation step beforehand (typically ~10 working days). [VERIFY current committee turnaround]
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation under the Citizenship Act after at least 8 years' residence on the basis of a residence permit (of which at least the last 5 years on a permanent/settled basis), plus a B1-or-higher Estonian language exam, an exam on the Constitution and Citizenship Act, and stable lawful income. Estonia does NOT permit multiple nationality for naturalised citizens — renunciation of prior citizenship is required. Discretionary, not automatic. (Source: politsei.ee)
scores:
  cost: 64
  speed: 92
  path: 60
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 69
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 20
rank in type: 11

Vanuatu
id: vanuatu-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Vanuatu
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 130000
    currency: USD
    route: Development Support Program contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 130000
  visa free count: 88
  travel access: Schengen visa-free
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 58
  mobility: 55
  path: 100
  stability: 74
composite: 68.7
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 88
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 21
rank in type: 10

Greece Golden Visa
id: greece-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Greece Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: EUR
    route: Real-estate investment (tiered 250k–800k)
  min investment usd indicative: 270000
  processing time: 3–9 months (improved from 12–18 months in 2023–2024)
  travel access: Schengen Area — visa-free travel across 27 European countries
  path to citizenship: 7 years of actual residence in Greece (must spend majority of time in Greece, pass language exam, demonstrate integration)
scores:
  cost: 51
  speed: 92
  mobility: 75
  path: 68
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 68.6
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 22
rank in type: 12

Latvia Golden Visa
id: latvia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Latvia Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 50000
    currency: EUR
    route: Business equity (from €50k + €10k state fee)
  min investment usd indicative: 54000
  processing time: Approximately 2–4 months (advisory sources cite 'from 3 months'); expedited administrative processing reduces the official review window for a higher per-person fee.
  path to citizenship: Eligible to apply for naturalisation after ~10 years of legal residence, subject to Latvian language, history and constitution exams and (generally) renunciation of prior citizenship — Latvia restricts dual citizenship.
scores:
  cost: 66
  speed: 96
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 68.1
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 23
rank in type: 13

Cyprus Permanent Residency
id: cyprus-pr
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Cyprus Permanent Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 300000
    currency: EUR
    route: Real-estate investment
  min investment usd indicative: 324000
  processing time: 4–6 months (one of the fastest in Europe)
  travel access: EU member state. Visa-free travel within EU (but Cyprus is NOT in the Schengen Area — separate visa regime). Cypriot permanent residents can travel within the EU but may need separate visa for Schengen-specific travel in some cases.
  path to citizenship: 8 years of legal residence in Cyprus. Must be physically present for the majority of those 8 years. Must pass basic Greek language exam (A2 level). Cypriot passport offers 177 visa-free countries.
scores:
  cost: 50
  speed: 88
  mobility: 75
  path: 60
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 68
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 24
rank in type: 14

Nauru
id: nauru-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: Nauru
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 105000
    currency: USD
    route: Economic & Climate Resilience Contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 105000
  processing time: 3–5 months
  visa free count: 86
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 60
  speed: 92
  mobility: 54
  path: 100
  stability: 37
composite: 67.7
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 25
rank in type: 11

Botswana Impact Investment Program
id: botswana-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: Botswana Impact Investment Program
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 75000
    currency: USD
    route: Sovereign Contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 75000
  processing time: Not yet confirmed — estimated 3–6 months based on comparable programmes [VERIFY]
  visa free count: 82
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 63
  speed: 92
  mobility: 51
  path: 100
  stability: 35
composite: 67.4
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 88
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 26
rank in type: 12

Portugal Golden Visa
id: portugal-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Portugal Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: EUR
    route: Investment fund / cultural / scientific
  min investment usd indicative: 270000
  processing time: 12–18 months (official). Real-world timeline: 18–40 months due to AIMA backlogs.
  travel access: Schengen Area — visa-free travel across 27 European countries
  path to citizenship: 5 years of legal residence (CURRENT LAW — under active legislative threat, see notes). Requires A2 Portuguese language test, clean criminal record, ties to community. Portuguese passport = EU citizenship with 187 visa-free countries.
scores:
  cost: 51
  speed: 57
  mobility: 75
  path: 84
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 66.8
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 27
rank in type: 15

São Tomé and Príncipe
id: sao-tome-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: São Tomé and Príncipe
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 90000
    currency: USD
    route: Government Contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 90000
  processing time: 6–8 weeks
  visa free count: 58
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 62
  speed: 98
  mobility: 36
  path: 100
  family: 92
  stability: 36
composite: 66.7
data completeness: 0.86
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.86
provisional: false
rank overall: 28
rank in type: 13

Costa Rica Investor Residency
id: costa-rica-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Costa Rica Investor Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate / business / securities (USD 150k; USD 100k forestry)
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
  processing time: Approximately 6–12 months from filing to resolution (some firms cite 4–9 months); varies by case complexity and country of nationality.
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation possible after approximately 7 years of legal residence (reduced to 5 years for nationals of Spain and Ibero-American/Central American countries); Spanish-language and civics assessment apply. [VERIFY language/test specifics]
scores:
  cost: 57
  speed: 80
  path: 68
  stability: 65
composite: 66.7
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 29
rank in type: 16

Mauritius Residency
id: mauritius-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Mauritius Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 375000
    currency: USD
    route: Real-estate investment
  min investment usd indicative: 375000
  processing time: 2–6 months
  path to citizenship:
    general: 7 years of continuous residence for most nationalities
    commonwealth: 5 years of continuous residence for Commonwealth nationals (UK, Canada, Australia, India, etc.)
    requirements: Continuous residence, good character, intention to reside in Mauritius, basic language proficiency
    dual citizenship: Mauritius permits dual citizenship — no requirement to renounce previous nationality
scores:
  cost: 48
  speed: 96
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 66.3
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 30
rank in type: 17

Sierra Leone
id: sierra-leone-cbi
type: CBI
status: emerging
country: Sierra Leone
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 140000
    currency: USD
    route: Government Contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 140000
  processing time: 60–90 days (Fast Track Naturalization)
  visa free count: 62
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 58
  speed: 96
  mobility: 39
  path: 100
  stability: 37
composite: 64.2
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 89
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 6
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 31
rank in type: 14

Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
id: saudi-premium
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Saudi Arabia Premium Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 800000
    currency: SAR
    route: Premium Residency (one-off or annual)
  min investment usd indicative: 213600
  processing time: 60–90 business days for review; 2–4 weeks for card issuance after approval
  path to citizenship: No direct path. Saudi naturalization requires 10+ consecutive years of legal residency, fluency in Arabic, proof of good conduct, evidence of integration into Saudi culture, and renunciation of other nationalities. Extremely rare for Premium Residency holders.
scores:
  cost: 54
  speed: 96
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 64.1
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 32
rank in type: 18

Italy Investor Visa
id: italy-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Italy Investor Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: EUR
    route: Innovative startup investment (tiered)
  min investment usd indicative: 270000
  processing time: Approximately 3-6 months end to end; nulla osta decision by law within 30 days of a complete application (firms report ~25-35 days in practice).
  path to citizenship: Italian citizenship by naturalisation after ~10 years of legal residence (subject to language B1 and other requirements). [VERIFY: residence-day requirements and any 2025-2026 citizenship-law changes.]
scores:
  cost: 51
  speed: 100
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 64
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 33
rank in type: 19

Jordan
id: jordan-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Jordan
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 493000
    currency: USD
    route: Business investment outside Amman (job-creation)
  min investment usd indicative: 493000
  processing time: Approximately 3–6 months for the citizenship route (post-investment). [VERIFY against new-framework timelines]
  visa free count: 50
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 46
  speed: 92
  mobility: 31
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 62.6
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 34
rank in type: 15

Maldives Pearl Residence
id: maldives-pearl
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Maldives
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: USD
    route: Pre-approved real-estate investment
  min investment usd indicative: 250000
  processing time: [VERIFY — not officially published. Industry estimates suggest 3–6 months]
  path to citizenship: [VERIFY] Maldivian citizenship pathway for investor residents has not been formally established. Maldives has strict citizenship laws — naturalisation is extremely rare and typically requires 12+ years of continuous residence plus other criteria. This programme is primarily a residency/lifestyle play, not a citizenship pathway.
scores:
  cost: 52
  speed: 92
  path: 28
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 60.6
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 35
rank in type: 20

Egypt
id: egypt-cbi
type: CBI
status: operational
country: Egypt
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: USD
    route: Non-refundable contribution
  min investment usd indicative: 250000
  visa free count: 49
  path to citizenship: immediate (citizenship programme)
scores:
  cost: 52
  mobility: 31
  path: 100
  stability: 72
composite: 59.2
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 86
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 36
rank in type: 16

Bahamas Residency by Investment
id: bahamas-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Bahamas Residency by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 1000000
    currency: USD
    route: Real-estate permanent residency
  min investment usd indicative: 1000000
  processing time: Approximately 3–6 months under the streamlined process (government has stated a target of ~3 months); historically applications could take up to 12–18 months.
  path to citizenship: Discretionary naturalisation generally possible after ~10 years of permanent/legal residence; NOT investment-based and not guaranteed. The Bahamas does not offer citizenship by investment.
scores:
  cost: 39
  speed: 92
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 58.1
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 37
rank in type: 21

Kenya Class G Investor Permit
id: kenya-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Kenya Class G Investor Permit
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 100000
    currency: USD
    route: Business capital (Class G investor permit)
  min investment usd indicative: 100000
  processing time: Approximately 3-6 months for a complete and accurate application
  path to citizenship: By naturalisation under the Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act, 2011 — generally available after at least 7 years of ordinary and lawful residence (s.13). Discretionary; subject to good character, language and continuous-residence conditions. [VERIFY] exact statutory conditions.
scores:
  cost: 61
  speed: 92
  path: 0
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 55.4
data completeness: 0.71
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.71
provisional: false
rank overall: 38
rank in type: 22

Nigeria Investor Visa
id: nigeria-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Nigeria Investor Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: USD
    route: Investor residence (N3A–N3E tiers)
  min investment usd indicative: 250000
  processing time: [VERIFY] — NIS pages state the visa is valid 90 days from issuance but do not state an adjudication timeline
  path to citizenship: Indirect only. Nigerian citizenship by naturalisation requires (per the Constitution / Ministry of Interior) lawful residence in Nigeria for at least 15 years, good character, adequate means of support, intention to reside, familiarity with Nigerian customs/language, and renunciation of prior citizenship. There is no fast-track investor citizenship. [VERIFY] whether investor-visa years count fully toward the 15-year clock.
scores:
  cost: 52
  speed: 92
  path: 4
  stability: 71
composite: 54.5
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 39
rank in type: 23

Guernsey Investor Residence
id: guernsey-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Guernsey Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 200000
    currency: GBP
    route: Entrepreneur £200k / Investor £750k + Open Market housing
  min investment usd indicative: 254000
  processing time: Adviser/market guides: Open Market property identification ~4–12 weeks; conveyancing ~8–16 weeks; Housing Licence & Population Management registration ~2–6 weeks post-completion — total end-to-end to arrival typically ~4–7 months. [VERIFY]
  path to citizenship: Discretionary British citizenship by naturalisation (British Nationality Act 1981, administered via the Guernsey Border Agency / UK Home Office), typically after ~5 years residence + ~1 year of settled status, subject to good character and a Citizenship/English test. There is no separate 'Guernsey citizenship' — naturalised persons become BRITISH citizens. Dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 52
  speed: 100
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 54.4
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 40
rank in type: 24

Bahrain Golden Residency
id: bahrain-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Bahrain Golden Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 345000
    currency: USD
    route: Property investment (~US$345k)
  min investment usd indicative: 345000
  processing time: 5 working days for property owners, employees (salary route) and retirees; up to 10 working days for the talent category
  path to citizenship: No direct investment path to citizenship. Naturalisation in Bahrain is highly restrictive and discretionary, typically requiring 25 years' continuous residence (15 years for nationals of other Arab states) plus Arabic proficiency — rarely granted. [VERIFY: current naturalisation terms]
scores:
  cost: 49
  speed: 100
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 53.4
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 41
rank in type: 25

Oman Golden Visa
id: oman-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Oman Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 520000
    currency: USD
    route: Investment (bank deposit / bonds / listed equities / employment creation)
  min investment usd indicative: 520000
  processing time: 3–6 weeks (one of the fastest GCC programmes)
  path to citizenship: No direct path. Oman does not offer citizenship by investment. Naturalization may be possible after 15+ years of continuous residency, but requires Arabic fluency, proof of income, good conduct, and renunciation of other nationalities. Requirements are extremely rigorous and approvals are rare.
scores:
  cost: 45
  speed: 100
  path: 4
  stability: 65
composite: 53
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 42
rank in type: 26

Taiwan Investment Residence
id: taiwan-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Taiwan Investment Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 480000
    currency: USD
    route: Investment (~NT$15m) + 5 jobs, or NT$30m bonds
  min investment usd indicative: 480000
  processing time: Investment approval (MOEA Investment Review Office) typically 2–6 months for complex cases; ARC must be applied for within 30 days of arrival in Taiwan; APRC application thereafter.
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation possible after meeting residence and other criteria. Taiwan's Nationality Act generally requires RENUNCIATION of the original nationality to naturalise — a significant restriction. Since the 2016 amendment, high-level professionals (science/technology, economy, education, culture, arts, sports) may be exempted from renunciation and retain dual nationality. [VERIFY: residence period required for naturalisation via the investment route — generally 5 years of continuous residence at 183+ days/yr, which conflicts with the APRC 183-day exemption; confirm whether investment-APRC holders meet naturalisation physical-presence rules.]
scores:
  cost: 46
  speed: 100
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 52.4
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 43
rank in type: 27

UAE Golden Visa
id: uae-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: UAE Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 2000000
    currency: AED
    route: Real-estate investment
  min investment usd indicative: 544000
  processing time: 2–3 months (investor route); 4–8 weeks (professional categories)
  path to citizenship: No formal path. UAE citizenship is extremely rare and granted at the discretion of the UAE leadership. Some long-term residents have been offered citizenship under the January 2021 amendments to the nationality law, but this is by invitation only and not tied to Golden Visa status.
scores:
  cost: 45
  speed: 100
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 52
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-04-29
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 44
rank in type: 28

Czechia Residence for Investment
id: czechia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Czechia Residence for Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 75000000
    currency: CZK
    route: Long-term residence for investment (~CZK 75m + ~20 jobs)
  min investment usd indicative: 3225000
  path to citizenship: Czech citizenship by naturalisation generally available after 10 years of residence (long-term + permanent), requiring Czech language at B1, a Czech life/culture/history exam, tax/debt clearance, financial self-sufficiency and integration. Dual citizenship permitted since 2014. [VERIFY] continuous-residence counting (absences ≤2 consecutive months / ≤310 days total).
scores:
  cost: 28
  path: 44
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 43.6
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 45
rank in type: 29

Rwanda Residence by Investment
id: rwanda-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Rwanda Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 250000
    currency: USD
    route: RDB investor permit (PR via ~$500k property / ~$1m project)
  min investment usd indicative: 250000
  path to citizenship: Yes — naturalisation by acquisition on grounds of substantial and sustainable investment (ministry-certified), or via long-term residence (official routes cite 15 years continuous PR, or a 25-year long-residence route). Intermediary '5-year' investor fast-track is [VERIFY] and not confirmed on official pages. Processing ~6 months. Note: Rwanda permits dual nationality.
scores:
  cost: 52
  path: 4
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 42.3
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false
rank overall: 46
rank in type: 30

Philippines SRRV
id: philippines-srrv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Philippines SRRV
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 1500
    currency: USD
    route: Refundable retirement deposit (tiered, age/pension)
  min investment usd indicative: 1500
  path to citizenship: No direct path. The SRRV is a residence visa and does not itself confer Philippine citizenship; naturalisation is a separate process under Philippine law with its own (substantial) residence and other requirements. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 87
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Serbia Residence
id: serbia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Serbia Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: EUR
    route: Residence via company/real estate (no fixed minimum)
  processing time: Statutory decision deadline 30 days from a complete application; in practice ~30–60 days. Residence card ready ~10 working days after biometrics.
  path to citizenship: Eligible to apply for Serbian citizenship after holding permanent residence (≈3 further years), i.e. roughly 6 years total from initial temporary residence. Naturalisation also requires meeting integration/other statutory conditions. Serbia permits dual citizenship.
scores:
  speed: 100
  path: 100
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 86.1
data completeness: 0.57
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.57
provisional: false

Fiji Investor Residence
id: fiji-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Fiji Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: USD
    route: Residence via Investment-Fiji-approved business
  processing time: 21 working days (Department of Immigration standard) once a complete permit application is lodged
  path to citizenship: No direct citizenship-by-investment. Naturalisation pathway: commonly cited as residence of 5 of the preceding 10 years (Investor Permit time counts toward this), plus knowledge of English, Hindi or Fijian, good character and intention to reside. Dual citizenship permitted since 2009. [VERIFY] against the Citizenship of Fiji Act 2009.
scores:
  speed: 100
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 84.2
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.43
provisional: false

Uruguay Residence
id: uruguay-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Uruguay Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: USD
    route: Residence by income/solvency (no fixed minimum); tax-residency via investment thresholds
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation commonly cited at ~3 years (married applicants) / ~5 years (single applicants) of legal residence, counted from filing date, subject to physical-presence and good-conduct requirements. Uruguay generally permits holding another nationality (note constitutional 'nationality' vs 'citizenship' nuance). [VERIFY current rules]
scores:
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 83.8
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false

Honduras Investor Residence
id: honduras-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Honduras Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 50000
    currency: USD
    route: Business investment + refundable US$5k Central Bank deposit
  min investment usd indicative: 50000
  processing time: [VERIFY — not confirmed from official source; secondary sources suggest a multi-month process]
  path to citizenship: Yes — via naturalisation after a qualifying period of legal residence. Firm sources cite ~3 years; Honduran law generally requires ~1 year for Central American/Ibero-American & Spanish nationals and longer for others. Naturalisation typically requires Spanish-language proficiency and a civics/knowledge test. [VERIFY] exact period vs Ley de Nacionalidad
scores:
  cost: 67
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 76.4
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Slovenia Business Residence
id: slovenia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Slovenia Business Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 50000
    currency: EUR
    route: Company (d.o.o. + ~€50k fixed-asset investment)
  min investment usd indicative: 54000
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation generally after 10 years' total residence including 5 continuous years immediately before application, with B1-level Slovenian language, lawful income, and clean record; renunciation of prior citizenship is generally required. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 66
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 75.9
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Gibraltar Category 2 Residence
id: gibraltar-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Gibraltar Category 2 Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: GBP
    route: HNWI tax-status residence (£2m net worth + capped tax)
  processing time: Decision typically communicated within one to two weeks of a complete application.
  path to citizenship: Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory. Lawful residence can lead to British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) by naturalisation (broadly after ~5 years' residence, subject to UK/Gibraltar nationality and character requirements and absence limits — commonly cited as max ~450 days' absence over 5 years and max ~90 days in the final year). A BOTC connected with Gibraltar has the right to be registered as a full British Citizen (with right of abode in the UK). [VERIFY exact thresholds per applicant with UK Home Office / Gibraltar DIHA].
scores:
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 75.2
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false

Jersey High-Value Residency
id: jersey-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Jersey High-Value Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: GBP
    route: High-value residency (~£250k/yr tax + £1.75m+ home)
  path to citizenship: Jersey is a British Crown Dependency, NOT part of the UK, so HVR status itself confers no citizenship. However, lawful time spent in the Channel Islands counts toward UK Indefinite Leave to Remain: ~5 years' continuous lawful residence → ILR (settlement) → a further 12 months → eligibility for British citizenship by naturalisation and a British passport (commonly summarised as ~6 years to a British passport). Subject to UK Immigration Rules, residence/absence and Life-in-the-UK/English requirements; dual citizenship is permitted. [VERIFY: continuous-residence and absence rules.]
scores:
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 75.2
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false

Thailand Privilege Residence
id: thailand-privilege
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Thailand
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 18000
    currency: USD
    route: Thailand Privilege membership (Bronze, 5-year)
  min investment usd indicative: 18000
scores:
  cost: 77
  stability: 65
composite: 72.5
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-18
  fields tracked: 1
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Peru Investor Residence
id: peru-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Peru Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 130000
    currency: USD
    route: Business investment (PEN 500k) + 5 local jobs
  min investment usd indicative: 130000
  path to citizenship: By naturalisation after qualifying years of continuous legal residence. Historically 2 years; Ley 32421 (published August 2025) raises this (commonly cited as 5 years) [VERIFY in-force status and exact number]. Requires Spanish language/integration and clean record [VERIFY].
scores:
  cost: 58
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 72.4
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Malaysia MM2H
id: malaysia-mm2h
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Malaysia MM2H
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Fixed-deposit long-stay pass (Silver tier; SEZ route from ~USD 65k)
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
  processing time: Approximately 2-3 months after complete document submission [VERIFY current service standard].
  path to citizenship: None — renewable long-stay pass only
scores:
  cost: 57
  speed: 96
  stability: 65
composite: 71.3
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Guatemala Investor Residence
id: guatemala-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Guatemala Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 60000
    currency: USD
    route: Government bonds / real estate / business
  min investment usd indicative: 60000
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation under the Ley de Nacionalidad generally after 5 years' legal residency; reduced to 2 years for nationals of Central American countries, Spain and Ibero-American states. Spanish-language ability, clean record, tax/immigration compliance and genuine integration are assessed.
scores:
  cost: 66
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 71.1
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Brazil Residence by Investment
id: brazil-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Brazil Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 700000
    currency: BRL
    route: Real estate (R$700k North/NE; R$1m elsewhere)
  min investment usd indicative: 126000
  path to citizenship: Ordinary naturalisation after 4 years' lawful residence (with Portuguese-language competence, civil capacity and clean record). Widely reported reduced to ~3 years for the BRL 1,000,000 real-estate investor; reduced to 1 year for spouses/parents of Brazilians or nationals of Portuguese-speaking (CPLP) countries. Brazil permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY: statutory basis for investment-linked 3-year reduction under Lei 13.445/2017]
scores:
  cost: 59
  path: 92
  stability: 65
composite: 70.5
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Anguilla Residence by Investment
id: anguilla-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Anguilla Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Capital Development Fund (US$150k) or real estate (US$750k)
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
  path to citizenship: De facto residence in Anguilla provides a pathway to British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) in approximately 5 years and onward British citizenship in approximately 10 years, subject to minimal presence requirements. [Source: selectanguilla.com]. [VERIFY] precise statutory residence/presence conditions.
scores:
  cost: 57
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 67.2
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Montserrat Economic Residence
id: montserrat-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Montserrat Economic Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 148000
    currency: USD
    route: Economic residence (EC$400k deposit/RE/bonds + net worth)
  min investment usd indicative: 148000
  path to citizenship: No citizenship by investment (officially confirmed). A separate, longer route to permanent residence and then British Overseas Territories Citizenship (BOTC) exists under the Montserrat Immigration Act for long-term residents; BOTC can lead to British citizenship registration under UK law. Secondary sources cite ~5 years to permanent residence before a citizenship/naturalisation route opens. [VERIFY exact periods and residence conditions]
scores:
  cost: 57
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 67.2
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Croatia Business Residence
id: croatia-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Croatia Business Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 26545
    currency: EUR
    route: Company (capital + ~3 local hires)
  min investment usd indicative: 28669
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation after 8 years of lawful residence (must hold permanent residence and pass Croatian language proficiency / cultural integration; B1-level Croatian language test). Croatia generally requires renunciation of prior citizenship for naturalised citizens, with exceptions. [VERIFY: dual-citizenship treatment]
scores:
  cost: 72
  path: 60
  stability: 65
composite: 66.6
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Curaçao Investor Residence
id: curacao-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Curaçao Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 281000
    currency: USD
    route: Tiered investment (XCG 500k → 1.5m)
  min investment usd indicative: 281000
  path to citizenship: No direct citizenship-by-investment. Curaçao is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; after a qualifying period of lawful residence (commonly cited as ~5 years) and meeting Kingdom naturalisation conditions (continuous residence, integration), holders may apply for Dutch nationality, which carries an EU passport. [VERIFY: exact residence years, language/integration test, and any local Curaçao naturalisation specifics — Kingdom-level rules apply]
scores:
  cost: 51
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 64.5
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Mexico Residence by Investment
id: mexico-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Mexico Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 300000
    currency: USD
    route: Company investment / property / economic solvency
  min investment usd indicative: 300000
  path to citizenship: Eligible for naturalisation after 5 years of legal residency (temporary + permanent combined). Reduced to 2 years for spouses of Mexican nationals or parents of a Mexican-born child, and for nationals of Latin American countries or the Iberian Peninsula. Requires Spanish-language test and Mexican history/culture/values exam (SRE).
scores:
  cost: 50
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 64.1
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Turks & Caicos Permanent Residence
id: turks-caicos-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Turks & Caicos Permanent Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 300000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate (US$300k lesser islands / US$1m Providenciales)
  min investment usd indicative: 300000
  path to citizenship: Path to British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC) by naturalisation — generally after 5 years' residence with PRC status held for at least 12 months before applying, and not more than 450 days' absence over the qualifying period. Citizenship is governed by the British Nationality Act. BOTC connected with TCI is, in most cases, a stepping stone toward British citizenship. [VERIFY exact conditions and any onward British-citizenship registration entitlement per case.]
scores:
  cost: 50
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 64.1
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Dominican Republic Residence by Investment
id: dominican-republic-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Dominican Republic Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 200000
    currency: USD
    route: Investment → fast-track permanent residence
  min investment usd indicative: 200000
  path to citizenship: Eligible to apply for naturalisation after approximately 6 months of residence for the investor category (Decree 950-01), versus the standard 2 years for ordinary residents. Full investment-to-passport journey commonly cited at 12-18 months. [VERIFY — Spanish-language proficiency and interview required for applicants over 18; some sources cite a sponsor/guarantee letter]
scores:
  cost: 54
  path: 76
  stability: 65
composite: 63.5
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Malta Permanent Residence (MPRP)
id: malta-mprp
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Malta Permanent Residence (MPRP)
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 98000
    currency: EUR
    route: Government contribution + property + donation (total qualifying)
  min investment usd indicative: 105840
scores:
  cost: 60
  stability: 65
composite: 61.9
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 45
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 1
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Luxembourg Investor Residence
id: luxembourg-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Luxembourg Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 500000
    currency: EUR
    route: Company investment (real estate excluded)
  min investment usd indicative: 540000
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation possible, generally after 5 years of lawful, mostly continuous residence, and subject to passing the Luxembourgish-language (spoken) test and the 'Living together in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg' civics course. Luxembourg permits dual citizenship. [VERIFY: current residence duration and language-level requirements]
scores:
  cost: 45
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 61.9
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

South Korea Investment Immigration
id: south-korea-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: South Korea Investment Immigration
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 780000
    currency: USD
    route: Real-estate investment immigration (F-2 → F-5)
  min investment usd indicative: 780000
  path to citizenship: Possible via general naturalisation after the statutory residence period (typically 5 years' continuous residence for general naturalisation), subject to language/integration tests and renunciation rules. South Korea generally restricts dual citizenship for naturalised adults. [VERIFY: current naturalisation residence requirement and dual-citizenship exceptions.]
scores:
  cost: 42
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 60.6
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

New Zealand Active Investor Plus
id: new-zealand-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: New Zealand Active Investor Plus
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 5000000
    currency: NZD
    route: Active investment (Growth category)
  min investment usd indicative: 3000000
  path to citizenship: Citizenship by grant is a separate later application: must hold residence/permanent residence and have been present in New Zealand at least 1,350 days over the 5 years before applying, including at least 240 days in each of those 5 years, be of good character, and intend to continue living in NZ. Note this 5-year/1,350-day physical-presence test is far stricter than the AIP visa's own minimal presence condition.
scores:
  cost: 29
  path: 100
  stability: 65
composite: 59.7
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Vietnam Investor Visa
id: vietnam-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Vietnam Investor Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 2000000
    currency: USD
    route: Capital investment (DT tiers; card up to 10 yrs)
  min investment usd indicative: 2000000
  path to citizenship: Very limited / not a direct route. Vietnamese citizenship by naturalisation generally requires long lawful residence (commonly cited ~5 years), Vietnamese-language ability, lawful income, and typically renunciation of prior citizenship (Vietnam restricts dual nationality). There is NO investment-based fast-track to citizenship. [VERIFY naturalisation residence threshold against Law on Vietnamese Nationality 2008 as amended.]
scores:
  cost: 33
  path: 84
  stability: 65
composite: 56.6
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Indonesia Golden Visa
id: indonesia-gv
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Indonesia Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 350000
    currency: USD
    route: Govt bonds/shares/deposit (5-yr)
  min investment usd indicative: 350000
  processing time: [VERIFY] No fixed statutory SLA published; Golden Visa marketed as streamlined/priority immigration handling. Advisory estimates commonly cite a few weeks once documents and funds are in place.
  path to citizenship: No direct path. Indonesia generally prohibits dual citizenship for adults; naturalisation is possible only under general nationality law after long lawful residence and renunciation of prior citizenship. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 49
  stability: 65
composite: 54.9
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Montenegro Residence by Investment
id: montenegro-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Montenegro Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: EUR
    route: Real-estate residence (tax-assessed value)
  min investment usd indicative: 162000
  path to citizenship: Long path. Montenegro's standard naturalisation requires ~10 years of continuous legal residence (commonly framed as 5 years temporary + 5 years permanent) [VERIFY exact statutory period and continuity/stay rules]. Montenegro generally does NOT recognise dual citizenship, so renunciation may be required.
scores:
  cost: 56
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 54.7
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

USA EB-5 Investor Visa
id: usa-eb5
type: RBI
status: operational
country: USA EB-5 Investor Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 800000
    currency: USD
    route: EB-5 Targeted Employment Area investment
  min investment usd indicative: 800000
  processing time:
    rural tea reserved: 6–12 months (I-526E) — priority processing
    high unemployment tea reserved: 18–24 months (I-526E)
    unreserved no backlog: 18–30 months (I-526E)
    unreserved china: 8–10+ years total wait (unreserved visa backlog)
    unreserved india: 5–6+ years total wait (unreserved visa backlog)
    i 829 removal of conditions: 30–36 months after filing
  path to citizenship:
    timeline: 5 years after obtaining permanent residence (conditional PR counts toward the 5 years)
    requirements: Physical presence in US for ≥30 months out of 5 years, continuous residence, good moral character, English language proficiency, US civics knowledge (100-question test), no disqualifying criminal history
    dual citizenship: The US permits dual citizenship. No requirement to renounce previous nationality.
scores:
  cost: 41
  tax: 85
  stability: 65
composite: 54.3
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-03-20
  fields tracked: 5
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Austria Financially-Independent Residence
id: austria-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Austria Financially-Independent Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: EUR
    route: Quota residence by passive income (no fixed investment)
  path to citizenship: General naturalisation after 10 years' continuous lawful residence (min. 5 years on a settlement title); 6 years possible with sustained, demonstrable integration and B2 German [VERIFY]. Dual citizenship generally NOT permitted — prior nationality must usually be renounced. Separate discretionary §10(6) 'exceptional contribution' grants (special interest of the Republic) have no published threshold, may waive the residence/renunciation requirements, and are not a programme.
scores:
  path: 44
  tax: 55
  stability: 65
composite: 53.9
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.43
provisional: false

Switzerland (Lump-Sum Taxation)
id: switzerland-lumpsum
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Switzerland (Lump-Sum Taxation)
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: CHF
    route: Residence by lump-sum (expenditure-based) taxation
  processing time: Typically a few months end-to-end; varies by canton.
  path to citizenship: Ordinary naturalisation typically after ~10 years' residence (with cantonal/communal residence and integration requirements). [VERIFY — note Switzerland does not offer citizenship by investment].
scores:
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 53.8
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false

Monaco Residence
id: monaco-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Monaco Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: EUR
    route: Residence by means (bank deposit ~€500k–1m; not a fixed investment)
  path to citizenship: Naturalisation possible only after at least 10 years of continuous residence, granted personally and discretionarily by the Sovereign Prince (no legal right even when criteria are met; no reasons given, no appeal; very rare — reportedly fewer than ~20 grants per year). Monaco does NOT permit dual citizenship — naturalised citizens must renounce prior nationality, so most HNW residents remain on the Carte Privilégié rather than naturalise. [VERIFY]
scores:
  path: 44
  stability: 65
composite: 53.8
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false

Paraguay Investor Pass
id: paraguay-investor
type: RBI
status: emerging
country: Paraguay Investor Pass
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Tourism-sector investment
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
scores:
  cost: 57
  stability: 35
composite: 48.8
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-05-01
  fields tracked: 1
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Ethiopia Golden Visa
id: ethiopia-gv
type: RBI
status: emerging
country: Ethiopia Golden Visa
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 150000
    currency: USD
    route: Pre-approved real estate (Property Visa, 5-year)
  min investment usd indicative: 150000
scores:
  cost: 57
  stability: 35
composite: 48.8
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 45
  last verified: 2026-04-27
  fields tracked: 1
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Namibia Residence by Investment
id: namibia-rbi
type: RBI
status: emerging
country: Namibia Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 300000
    currency: USD
    route: Real-estate / single-development investment
  min investment usd indicative: 300000
  path to citizenship: Not a direct route. Namibian citizenship by naturalisation generally requires long-term ordinary residence; dual citizenship is restricted under Namibian law. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 50
  stability: 39
composite: 45.9
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Seychelles Permanent Residence
id: seychelles-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Seychelles Permanent Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 1000000
    currency: USD
    route: Direct business investment (after prior residence)
  min investment usd indicative: 1000000
  path to citizenship: Long and discretionary via naturalisation — approximately 11 years of legal residence plus working command of English, French or Seychellois Creole [VERIFY against Seychelles Citizenship Act]. No direct citizenship-by-investment route exists.
scores:
  cost: 39
  path: 36
  stability: 65
composite: 44.9
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 2
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Bermuda Economic Investment Certificate
id: bermuda-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Bermuda Economic Investment Certificate
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 2500000
    currency: USD
    route: Economic investment (BM$2.5m) → 5-yr residential certificate
  min investment usd indicative: 2500000
  processing time: Not publicly published; process described as 'confidential'. [VERIFY] typical duration with BDA / Department of Immigration.
  path to citizenship: No. The EIRC grants Bermuda residency only — NOT Bermudian status and not a direct path to British citizenship through this programme. [VERIFY] any long-term naturalisation/British Overseas Territories status routes that exist independently of this certificate.
scores:
  cost: 31
  stability: 65
composite: 43.6
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Singapore Global Investor Programme
id: singapore-gip
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Singapore Global Investor Programme
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 7790000
    currency: USD
    route: Business investment (Option A, SGD 10m)
  min investment usd indicative: 7790000
  processing time: Approximately 12 months for a GIP application to be processed, subject to complete document submission and due-diligence checks.
  path to citizenship: Singapore PR can lead to citizenship by naturalisation under ICA rules. [VERIFY: citizenship eligibility (typically a period as PR plus ICA discretionary assessment; Singapore does not permit dual citizenship for adults, so naturalisation requires renunciation of prior citizenship) is governed by ICA and is separate from the GIP factsheet — confirm current ICA policy before advising clients.]
scores:
  cost: 20
  speed: 57
  stability: 65
composite: 43.1
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Hong Kong CIES
id: hong-kong-cies
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Hong Kong CIES
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 3830000
    currency: USD
    route: Capital investment (HKD 30m total)
  min investment usd indicative: 3830000
  processing time: No single official end-to-end figure is published; practitioners typically estimate several months from Net Asset Assessment approval to investment completion and grant of stay — [VERIFY]
  path to citizenship: No direct path to citizenship via the scheme. Naturalisation as a Chinese national is governed separately by the Nationality Law of the PRC and is discretionary; most entrants pursue the right of abode (PR) rather than nationality.
scores:
  cost: 27
  stability: 65
composite: 41.1
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.29
provisional: true

Qatar Residence by Investment
id: qatar-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Qatar Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 200000
    currency: USD
    route: Property (US$200k residence; US$1m PR)
  min investment usd indicative: 200000
  path to citizenship: No direct investment route to citizenship. Qatari naturalisation is highly restrictive (governed separately by Law No. 38 of 2005) and not investment-linked. [VERIFY]
scores:
  cost: 54
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 40.7
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Andorra Passive Residence
id: andorra-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Andorra Passive Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 400000
    currency: EUR
    route: Housing Fund (€400k) or €1m Andorran assets
  min investment usd indicative: 432000
  processing time: Generally around six months is allowed to complete the required investment after the application/authorisation stage; overall processing varies. [VERIFY current Departament d'Immigració service standards]
  path to citizenship: Long. Andorran naturalisation generally requires approximately 20 years of continuous lawful residence (reduced in limited family/birth-related cases) AND renunciation of prior nationality — Andorra does NOT permit dual citizenship. Passive residence is therefore a residence/tax solution, not a citizenship route. [VERIFY current Nationality Act terms and whether passive-residence years fully count]
scores:
  cost: 47
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 37.6
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Chile Investor Residence
id: chile-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Chile Investor Residence
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 500000
    currency: USD
    route: Productive investment (InvestChile-sponsored)
  min investment usd indicative: 500000
  processing time: [VERIFY] Official pages do not publish a fixed SERMIG decision time; investor/InvestChile-sponsored files are prioritised but timelines vary.
  path to citizenship: Yes (ordinary naturalisation, NOT by investment): Carta de Nacionalizacion available to foreigners aged 18+ with more than 5 years' residence in Chile who hold permanent residence (Residencia Definitiva). [VERIFY current civics/Spanish requirements]
scores:
  cost: 46
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 37.1
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 4
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Cayman Islands Residence by Investment
id: cayman-rbi
type: RBI
status: operational
country: Cayman Islands Residence by Investment
key figures:
  min investment:
    amount: 1200000
    currency: USD
    route: Real estate (25-yr ~US$1.2m; permanent ~US$2.4m)
  min investment usd indicative: 1200000
  path to citizenship: R41: NONE. R42: the only Cayman route to status — holders may become eligible to naturalise as a British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC), then apply for Caymanian status. Grandfathered applicants: BOTC after 5 years' legal residence + 1 year holding the certificate. New applicants (post-reform): reported eligibility ~11 years after grant for BOTC and ~20 years' residence for Caymanian status. [VERIFY exact current timelines with WORC/immigration counsel]. BOTC can be a stepping stone toward registration as a British citizen.
scores:
  cost: 37
  path: 0
  stability: 65
composite: 33.2
data completeness: 0.43
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: false
confidence: 0.43
provisional: true

Kuwait Investor Residency
id: kuwait-rbi
type: RBI
status: emerging
country: Kuwait Investor Residency
key figures:
  min investment:
    currency: USD
    route: Value-linked investor residency (5–15 yr)
  processing time: [VERIFY: no official processing timeframe published for the long-term investor permit as of 2026-06-04; KDIPA direct-investment licensing historically targets a c. 30-day decision window — verify against current KDIPA service standards.]
  path to citizenship: None. Kuwaiti citizenship is exceptionally restrictive and is NOT available via this residency or any investment route.
scores:
  speed: 0
  stability: 35
composite: 15.7
data completeness: 0.29
data freshness:
  verification confidence: 92
  last verified: 2026-06-04
  fields tracked: 3
  stale fields: 0
no fixed threshold: true
confidence: 0.29
provisional: false